Nanostructured energy materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage: a review. Graphene-based electrochemical energy conversion and storage: fuel cells, supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. Nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Surface science and electrochemistry: concepts and problems. Oxygen electrocatalysts for water electrolyzers and reversible fuel cells: status and perspective. Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells. Lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells. Earth-abundant cocatalysts for semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting. Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting. Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor particles: history and recent developments. Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Hydrated excess protons in acetonitrile/water mixtures: solvation species and ultrafast proton motions. Exploring fast proton transfer events associated with lateral proton diffusion on the surface of membranes. Water at hydrophobic interfaces delays proton surface-to-bulk transfer and provides a pathway for lateral proton diffusion. Surface-coupled proton exchange of a membrane-bound proton acceptor. Sandén, T., Salomonsson, L., Brzezinski, P. Proton migration along the membrane surface and retarded surface to bulk transfer. Heberle, J., Riesle, J., Thiedemann, G., Oesterhelt, D. Proton circuits in biological energy interconversions. Evidence for conduction of protons along the interface between water and a polar lipid monolayer. Protons and hydroxide ions in aqueous systems. Electrostatic interactions in protein structure, folding, binding, and condensation. Water dynamics in the hydration shells of biomolecules. Understanding nucleic acid–ion interactions. Oxygen-isotope exchange rates for three isostructural polyoxometalate ions. Minerals as molecules - Use of aqueous oxide and hydroxide clusters to understand geochemical reactions. Current understanding and challenges for oceans in a higher-CO 2 world. We highlight the current knowledge and limitations in our understanding and end with a view towards future opportunities in the field. While in each case the classical mean-field theories can explain many macroscopic and mesoscopic observations, it soon becomes apparent that such theories fail to explain phenomena for which molecular properties are relevant, such as interfacial chemical conversion. In this Review, by considering water in contact with metals, oxides and biomembranes, we show the essential similarity of these disparate systems. This diversity in substrates has led to different communities considering each of these types of aqueous interface. While water, solutes and charge are present in each of these systems, the substrate can range from living tissues to metals. Even so, many open questions remain regarding the molecular picture of the interfacial organization and preferential alignment of water molecules, as well as the structure of water molecules and ion distributions at different charged interfaces. The ubiquity of aqueous solutions in contact with charged surfaces and the realization that the molecular-level details of water–surface interactions often determine interfacial functions and properties relevant in many natural processes have led to intensive research.
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